PENSAMIENTO CRÍTICO — Pablo PÉREZ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxC4RfTiOsM
PENSAMIENTO CRÍTICO — Cómo desarrollar el Pensamiento Crítico
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-htv81L04g
PENSAMIENTO CRÍTICO — 5 Estrategias para mejorar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHjgKe7JMNE
PENSAMIENTO CRÍTICO — Brian Oshiro
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0hoE8mtUS1E
Successful students have good study habits. They apply these habits to all of their classes. Read about each study habit. Work to develop any study habit you do not have.
Try not to do too much studying at one time.
If you try to do too much studying at one time, you will tire, and your studying will not be very effective. Space the work you have to do over shorter periods of time. Taking short breaks will restore your mental energy.
Plan specific times for studying.
Study time is any time you are doing something related to schoolwork. It can be completing assigned reading, working on a paper or project, or studying for a test. Schedule specific times throughout the week for your study time.
Try to study at the same times each day.
Studying at the same times each day establishes a routine that becomes a regular part of your life, just like sleeping and eating. When a scheduled study time comes up during the day, you will be mentally prepared to begin studying.
Set specific goals for their study times.
Goals will help you stay focused and monitor your progress. Simply sitting down to study has little value. You must be very clear about what you want to accomplish during your study times.
Start studying when planned.
You may delay starting your studying because you don’t like an assignment or think it is too hard. A delay in studying is called “procrastination”. If you procrastinate for any reason, you will find it difficult to get everything done when you need to. You may rush to make up the time you wasted getting started, resulting in careless work and errors.
Work on the assignment they find most difficult first.
Your most difficult assignment will require the most effort. Start with your most difficult assignment since this is when you have the most mental energy.
Review their notes before beginning an assignment.
Reviewing your notes can help you make sure you are doing an assignment correctly. Also, your notes may include information that will help you complete an assignment.
Tell their friends not to call them during their study times.
Two study problems can occur if your friends call you during your study times. First, your work is interrupted. It is not that easy to get back to what you were doing. Second, your friends may talk about things that will distract you from what you need to do. Here’s a simple idea: turn off your cell phone during your study times.
Call another student when they have difficulty with an assignment.
This is a case where “two heads may be better than one”.
Review their schoolwork over the weekend.
Yes, weekends should be fun time. But there is also time to do some review. This will help you be ready to go on Monday morning when another school week begins.
These ten study habits can help you throughout your education.
Make sure they are your study habits.
Planning for college should begin once you enter high school. Here are things to do each year as you progress through high school.
Choosing a career is one of the most important decisions you will ever make. Most people spend half or more of their waking hours five days a week at their jobs. While selecting a career can be a difficult process, the following tips can make this process easier for you.
1. Extensive reading about potential careers is vital. You will discover details about careers that you were not aware of. It’s important to collect vital information such as career descriptions, career outlooks, employment statistics, educational requirements, and potential earnings.
2. Interviewing people in the field is an excellent way to learn about the various aspects of a career. Doing this may also provide good networking opportunities. Informational interviews often change a person’s perspective about an occupation. You can find interview candidates by asking friends, teachers, members of an alumni association, and neighbors. You can also contact relevant professional associations and societies and visit appropriate social and professional networking sites online.
3. Internships provide excellent opportunities for acquiring a realistic, clear picture about the daily duties and job satisfaction in a particular occupation. Also, internships provide valuable networking opportunities that may lead to a job. Further, companies often hire interns that perform well. Volunteering also provides many of the advantages of an internship.
4. Find a mentor. Many colleges and employers have a formal mentoring program. Also, formal mentoring organizations are available that match mentors with individuals. It’s a great way to learn about a career, and a mentor can provide valuable networking opportunities. “Mentworking” is a new trend which combines mentoring and networking, and which has shown good results.
5. The possibility for a job being outsourced to foreign countries is an important consideration. Job outsourcing information and forecasts can be collected from sources such as articles on the Internet, magazine articles, college counselors, career counselors, professors, employment agencies, and relevant professional associations.
6. Look for lists of “hot jobs” on the Internet and in magazines. Do this frequently since these lists keep changing. A “hot job” today may not be “hot” next year or the year after. When evaluating these lists, keep in mind your interests, skills, and job satisfaction requirements.
7. Many community colleges have career centers that provide free individual and group career counseling. Career counselors can provide assistance with the self-evaluation process, career selection process, and the job search process.
8. Take into consideration the number of job opportunities in your area for each career you are considering. This is vital if you intend to stay in your current location.
9. The skills required for a career are an essential factor for an individual’s potential for success in that career. Write a list of the skills needed for a particular field. Place a check next to each skill you possess. The more checks you make, the more likely this field is right for you.
10. Your aptitudes should be a vital factor in your career selection process. A gratifying career is often built upon a match with what you are naturally good at. Natural strengths allow an individual to work with ease and to acquire expertise faster.
11. Explore the advancement opportunities of each potential occupation. Does advancement require additional education? Will additional education and certification provide you with a significant advantage over the competition? Are supervisory and management opportunities available?
Following the tips provided in this article will help you choose a career that is right for you.
Have you got the skills you need for the 21st-century workplace?
We need to develop all kinds of skills to survive in the 21st century. Some, like ICT skills and knowledge of the digital world, are taught explicitly in schools in the UK. Here are five less obvious ones for you to think about.
These are the sorts of skills that employers may ask you questions about in interviews, so it’s a good idea to think about how good you are in these areas. What are your strengths and weaknesses ?
1— IMAGINATION / CREATIVITY
In the age of technology that we are living in now, it is no longer enough to keep on making the same products. Employers need people who can imagine new approaches and new ideas.
Think of an object or gadget you use every day. How could it be improved? Can you think of three improvements?
2— PROBLEM SOLVING
Employers will value workers who are able to see problems
they happen and come up with creative solutions.
Think: Imagine you are organising an end-of-term social event at school. Think of some problems that you could face. Can you think of any solutions?
3— COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Workers will have to be good communicators. They will have to be able to negotiate and discuss key issues and also write in a clear way without using too many words.
Think: How do people communicate with each other in the 21st century?
4— CRITICAL ANALYSIS
Employers want workers who are able to recognise the difference between information that can be believed and false information.
Think: Use the internet to find out three facts about a celebrity or famous figure. Can you verify the information by checking other websites?
5— DECISION MAKING
Individual workers have a growing amount of responsibility. It is important to be able to evaluate a situation and be confident in making a decision.
Think: Which three things could you do to (a) be healthier (b) do better at school and (c) help others?
Make a decision now to do at least one of these things.
Procrastination is putting off or avoiding doing something that must be done. It is natural to procrastinate occasionally. However, excessive procrastination can result in guilt feelings about not doing a task when it should be done. It can also cause anxiety since the task still needs to be done. Further, excessive procrastination can cause poor performance if the task is completed without sufficient time to do it well. In short, excessive procrastination can interfere with school and personal success.
WHY DO STUDENTS PROCRASTINATE?
There are many reasons why students procrastinate. Here are the most common reasons:
— Perfectionism. A student's standard of performance may be so high for a task that it does not seem possible to meet that standard.
— Fear of Failure. A student may lack confidence and fear that he / she will be unable to accomplish a task successfully.
— Confusion. A student may be unsure about how to start a task or how it should be completed.
— Task Difficulty. A student may lack the skills and abilities needed to accomplish a task.
— Poor Motivation. A student may have little or no interest in completing a task because he / she finds the task boring or lacking in relevance.
— Difficulty Concentrating. A student may have too many things around that distract him/her from doing a task.
— Task Unpleasantness. A student may dislike doing what a task requires.
— Lack of Priorities. A student may have little or no sense about which tasks are most important to do.
HOW DO I KNOW IF I PROCRASTINATE EXCESSIVELY?
You procrastinate excessively if you agree with five or more of the following statements:
WHAT CAN I DO ABOUT EXCESSIVE PROCRASTINATION?
Here are some things you can do to control excessive procrastination.
Above all, think positively and get going. Once you are into a task, you will probably find that it is more interesting than you thought it would be and not as difficult as you feared. You will feel increasingly relieved as you work toward its accomplishment and will come to look forward to the feeling of satisfaction you will experience when you have completed the task.
VIDEO: Consejos para evitar la procrastinación
Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying.
Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.
Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than yours. Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.
Question assertions made by the author. Don’t accept what is written at face value. Before accepting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made. Look for facts, examples, and statistics that provide support. Also, look to see if the author has integrated the work of authorities.
Compare what is written with other written work on the subject. Look to see that what is written is consistent with what others have written about the subject. If there are inconsistencies, carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies.
Analyze assumptions made by the author. Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true in order to make assertions. In many cases, the author’s assumptions are not directly stated. This means you must read carefully in order to identify any assumptions. Once you identify an assumption, you must decide whether or not the assumption is valid.
Evaluate the sources the author uses. In doing this, be certain that the sources are credible. For example, Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics. Also be certain that the sources are relevant. Einstein is not a relevant source when the subject is poetry. Finally, if the author is writing about a subject in its current state, be sure that the sources are current. For example, studies done by Einstein in the early 20th century may not be appropriate if the writer is discussing the current state of knowledge in physics.
Identify any possible author bias. A written discussion of American politics will likely look considerably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat or a Republican. What is written may very well reflect a biased position. You need to take this possible bias into account when reading what the author has written. That is, take what is written with “a grain of salt”.
Every weekday, a CNN Health expert doctor answers a viewer question. On Tuesdays, it's Dr. Charles Raison, an associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Emory University, and an expert in the mind–body connection for health.
QUESTION ASKED BY STEPHANIE VIA E-MAIL
I’ve been having a lot of panic attacks, almost every day; sometimes when I'm working, dealing with the kids or just nothing at all. I'll get shortness of breath, chest hurts on both sides or just one side, and a lot of my heart skipping a beat. And it scares me. I’m 29 years old and in good health. How can I control this?
EXPERT ANSWER:
Dear Stephanie,
I don't need to tell you that panic attacks are among the most hideous experiences a human being can have. They are such strange occurrences. While being in no physical danger at all, you feel as if you are in mortal peril. In the midst of perfectly good health, you feel as if you are on the edge of sudden death. And telling yourself that there is no real danger is of almost no help whatsoever.
My strongest piece of advice is that you make an appointment to see your doctor immediately. Many primary care doctors feel comfortable treating panic disorder or will know a clinician who does.
Like everything else in psychiatry, treatment options come in two general flavors: medications and psychotherapy.
The best proven psychotherapy for panic attacks is similar in many ways to the type of therapy that I've described several times before for obsessive-compulsive disorder. It has two main components, neither of which is pleasant, but which are in the aggregate often highly effective. First, the therapist would work with you to gradually expose yourself to situations that cause panic. Then, once you are in these situations, he or she would teach you to tolerate the terrible panic feelings when they arose.
I suspect that just thinking about doing this might have you breaking out in a cold sweat, which is why it is so important to get professional help.
Among psychotropic medications, two classes are particularly effective for panic, and they are very different from each other. Benzodiazepines, like Valium, Ativan or Klonopin, have powerful anti-anxiety effects that happen very rapidly after they are ingested. If you have long panic attacks, or attacks that come in prolonged volleys, these medications work quickly enough that they can interrupt things in mid-attack.
Most antidepressants also treat panic attacks, but unlike benzodiazepines, they require several weeks of being taken daily before their effects are usually seen. For this reason, many clinicians will start patients on an antidepressant and a benzodiazepine. Once the antidepressant has been on board for several weeks, the benzodiazepine can often be discontinued.
Let me alert you to a few challenges in these treatments. Psychotherapy is great, but depending where you live and the state of your finances, it can be hard to find and expensive. Benzodiazepines work extremely well but have addictive potential when taken long term. If you elect treatment with an antidepressant, make sure that your clinician starts you on the lowest dose possible, because –paradoxically– antidepressants can cause panic attacks when they are first taken and can certainly worsen them in people already afflicted.
The good news is that all these treatment options are effective, so it is very likely you will be able to gain control of your symptoms, find relief and continue with your life.
http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/30/how-can-i-control-my-panic-attacks/
Read the passage carefully. Determine its structure. Identify the author’s purpose in writing. (This will help you to distinguish between more important and less important information.)
Reread, label, and underline. This time divide the passage into sections or stages of thought. The author’s use of paragraphing will often be a useful guide. Label, on the passage itself, each section or stage of thought. Underline key ideas and terms.
Write one-sentence summaries, on a separate sheet of paper, of each stage of thought.
Write a thesis –a one-sentence summary of the entire passage—. The thesis should express the central idea of the passage, as you have determined it from the preceding steps. You may find it useful to keep in mind the information contained in the lead sentence or paragraph of most newspaper stories –the what, who, why, where, when, and how of the matter—.
For persuasive passages, summarize in a sentence the author’s conclusion.
For descriptive passages, indicate the subject of the description and its key features.
Note: In some cases, a suitable thesis may already be in the original passage. If so, you may want to quote it directly in your summary.
Write the first draft of your summary by (1) combining the thesis with your list of one-sentence summaries or (2) combining the thesis with one-sentence summaries plus significant details from the passage.
In either case, eliminate repetition. Eliminate less important information. Disregard minor details, or generalize them. Use as few words as possible to convey the main ideas.
Check your summary against the original passage, and make whatever adjustments are necessary for accuracy and completeness.
Revise your summary, inserting transitional words and phrases where necessary to ensure coherence. Check for style. Avoid series of short, choppy sentences. Combine sentences for a smooth, logical flow of ideas. Check for grammatical correctness, punctuation, and spelling.
Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum, by L. Behrens and L. Rosen.
